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Statistics
This section provides statistics on issues relating
to mothers. For additional
information on listed statistics, please contact the organization resourced. For comment from Mothers & More on any of these statistics,
please contact a representative listed under “Press Contacts.” The categories include:
Work/Life Balance Statistics
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Work/Life
Situation
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1960s
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1997
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Dual income
married couples
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1/3
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2/3
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Married
women with children working full-time
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Less
than 25%
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41%
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Waite, L and
Nielsen, M., The Rise of the Dual-Career Family: 1963-1997, Working
Papers Series,
The University of Chicago Alfred P. Sloan Center on Parents, Children
and Work
www.src.uchicago.edu/orgs/sloan/frames/papers_presentations.html
Various Work/Life Statistics
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Situation
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Percentage
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Americans
who report that time pressures on working families are getting worse,
not better1
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64%
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Working
fathers and working mothers who report they
don’t have enough time with their children2
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70%
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Number of
working women reporting they had to cutback their work schedule
at least one day out of seven to meet caregiving obligations3
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24%
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Percentage
of women who report they have no flexibility in determining the
start and end times of their workday3
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59%
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Percentage
of men who report they have no flexibility in determining the start
and end times of their workday 3
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38%
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Percentage
of women who reported they “do not have any say” about decisions
about their work3
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52%
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Percentage
of men who reported they “do not have any say” about decisions about
their work3
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39%
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Percentage
of employees who reported feeling overworked often or very often
in the past three months4
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28%
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Percentage
of employees who reported feeling overworked at least sometimes
in the past three months4
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54%
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1The
National Partnership for Women & Families Family Matters Survey,
1998
www.nationalpartnership.org/content.cfm?L1=8&L2=1&DBT=Guides&GSID=17
2Galinsky, E., The 1997 National Study of the Changing
Workforce, Families and Work Institute, 1997
www.familiesandwork.org/nationalstudy.html
3Heymann, S. J., The Widening Gap: Why American Working
Families are in Jeopardy and What Can Be Done About It, 2000
4Galinsky, et al, Feeling Overworked: When Work Becomes
Too Much, The Families and Work Institute, 2001 www.familiesandwork.org
Employment Comparison Statistics
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Situation
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1977
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1997
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Average
number of paid and unpaid hours worked by employees working 20 or
more hours a week
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43.6
hours
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47.1
hours
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Average
weekly hours worked
by males
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47.1
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49.9
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Average
weekly hours worked by females
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39
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44
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Galinsky,
E., The 1997 National Study of the Changing Workforce, Families
and Work Institute, 1997
www.familiesandwork.org/nationalstudy.html
Work/Overwork Statistics
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Situation
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Hours
Worked or Percentage
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Average
weekly hours worked by men with children under 18 in their household
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50.9
hours
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Average
weekly hours worked by other male employees
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48
hours
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Average
weekly hours worked by women with children under 18 in their household
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41.4
hours
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Average
weekly hours worked by other female employees
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43.4
hours
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Average
number of hours employees would prefer to work*
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34.5
hours
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Number of
workers in the wage and salaried labor force scheduled to work full
time at their jobs
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85%
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Percentage
of women scheduled to work part-time
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21%
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Percentage
of men scheduled to work part-time
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8%
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Percentage
of all employees who would like to reduce their current total work
week if they could
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63%
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Galinsky,
E., The 1997 National Study of the Changing Workforce, Families
and Work Institute, 1997
www.familiesandwork.org/nationalstudy.html
*Galinsky, et al, Feeling Overworked: When Work Becomes Too Much,
The Families and Work Institute, 2001
Females in the Workforce Statistics
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Situation
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Statistic
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Proportion
of female workers in the part-time workforce
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2/3
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Number of
industries that employs more than 50% of women in the part-time
workforce
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10
out of a possible 236 industries
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Average
hourly wage in those 10 industries (above)
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$8.27
(20% less than the average median wage for all workers)
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Percentage
of women working part time who are NOT likely to receive health
insurance or pension benefits from their employers
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88%
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Wegner,
J., The Continuing Problems with Part Time Jobs, Economic Policy
Institute, 2001
Family Work & Caregiving Statistics
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Situation
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Statistic
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Number of
working mothers who reported they do far more of the household chores
than their spouse or partner1
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8
out of 10
(Surveyed
men agreed with this assessment)
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Ratio of
mother’s time to father’s time spent on all weekday caregiving activities
in dual earner families2
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3:2
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Ratio of
mother’s time to father’s time spent on weekday caregiving activities
involving household chores and learning activities in dual earner
families2
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2:1
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Hours a
week devoted to childcare, housework or shopping by mothers in dual
earner couples3
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25
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Hours a
week devoted to childcare, housework or shopping by fathers in dual
earner couples3
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14.5
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Hours a
week devoted to childcare, housework or shopping by mothers not
in the workforce3
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39
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Hours a
week devoted to childcare, housework or shopping by fathers not
in the workforce3
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20
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1Heymann,
S. J., The Widening Gap: Why American Working Families are in Jeopardy
and What Can Be Done About It, 2000
2Yeung, W.J., et al, University of Michigan Institute for Social
Research, American Fathers, 1999
3 Robinson, J.P.and Godbey, G., Time for Life: The Surprising
Way Americans Use Their Time, 1997
Economic Concerns of Parenthood
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Situation
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Statistic
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Wage penalty
for motherhood1
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5%
per child
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Average
wage premium for married men2
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10-12%
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Estimated
wage premium for married men with wives not in the labor force2
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30%
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Estimated
wage premium for married men with wives working 40 or more hours
a week2
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3%
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Cost of
raising a child born in 1960 to age 18 in for middle income families
(in 2000 dollars)3
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$145,000
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Cost of
raising a child born in 1999 to age 18 in for middle income families3
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$165,630
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Percent
real increase in cost of raising a child to age 18 between 1960-19993
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13%
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Increase
in cost of childcare since 19864
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20%
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Percentage
of income the poorest families spend on childcare4
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25%
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Percentage
of income moderate income families spend on childcare4
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13%
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Percentage
of income upper income families spend on childcare4
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9%
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1
Budig, M.J., and England, P. The Wage Penalty for Motherhood, American
Sociological Review, 2001 (www.asanet.org/pubs/motherwage.pdf)
2Chun, H. and Lee, I, Why Do Married Men Earn More:
Productivity or Marriage Selection, Economic Inquiry, 39, 2, 2001
(www.qc.edu/~hchun/marri.pdf)
3USDA Expenditures on Children by Families 2000 Annual Report
(www.usda.gov/cnpp/Crc/Crc2000.pdf)
4U.S. Department of the Treasury, Investing in Child Care:
Challenges Facing Working Parents and the Private Sector Response,
1997 (www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/report3110.htm)
Education vs. Economic Standing
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Situation
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Males
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Females
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Over age
25 with some college or BA/BS degree
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42.3%
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42.4%
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Holding
jobs classified as managerial or professional
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28.5%
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32%
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Earning
$50,000 or more per year
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31.5%
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13.5%
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Living below
the poverty level (ages 18-64)
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8.2%
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11.8%
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Living below
the poverty level (age 65+)
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6.9%
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11.8%
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U.S. Census
Current Population Survey, March 2000 (www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam.html)
Divorce Equity
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Situation
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Statistic
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Approximate
number of college educated women who will divorce1
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40%
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Percentage
of divorces occurring in the key childbearing years (age 25 to 39)1
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60%
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Average
length of first marriages that end in divorce1
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11-years
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Decrease in economic well-being
of custodial mothers after divorce2
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36%
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Increase in economic well-being
of non-custodial fathers after divorce2
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28%
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1US
Census Bureau, National Center for Health Statistics, 1997
2Bianchi,
Subaiya & Kahn, 1999, “The Gender Gap in the Economic Well-Being of
Nonresident Fathers and Custodial Mothers” Demography 36(2)
Public Policy & Private Benefits
(includes Family & Medical Leave
Act Information)
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Situation
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Statistic
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Number of
nations organized for economic cooperation and development that
do not offer paid parental leave to working parents1
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3
United
States, Australia, and New Zealand*
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Number of
unpaid weeks of job protected parental leave offered working parents
by Australia and New Zealand1
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52
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Number of
unpaid weeks of job protected parental leave offered working parents
by the United States1
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12
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Percentage
of U.S. employees in the private labor force both covered and eligible
for unpaid parental leave through the U.S. Family and Medical Leave
Act of 19932
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46%
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Number of
all U.S. workers not protected by the FMLA3
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2
out of 5
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Percentage
of covered workers who reported needing leave in 2000 but
did not take time off from work because they could not afford unpaid
leave3
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78%
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Percentage
of these workers who would have taken needed leave if they had received
some pay3
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88%
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Number of
U.S. workers with access to employer-sponsored benefits that provide
information on child day care options, costs, schedules of availability,
and the qualifications of the caregivers in the local community4
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13.8%
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Percentage
of full-time employees in private establishments with access to
paid parental leave5
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2%
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Number of
part-time employees in private establishments with access to paid
parental leave5
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0
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Percentage
of employees in medium-sized and large private establishments with
access to employer sponsored child-care5
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10%
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1Kamerman,
S., Parental Leave Policies: An Essential Ingredient in Early Childhood
Education and Care Policies, Social Policy Report, 2000 www.childpolicy.org
2Waldfogel, J., Family Leave Coverage in the 1990s,
Monthly Labor Review, 1999
3U.S. Department of Labor, Family and Medical Leave Surveys
2000 Update www.dol.gov/asp/fmla/main.htm
4Pilot Survey on the Incidence of Child Care Resource and Referral
Services in June 2000, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
November 2000
5Waldfogel, J., Family Leave Coverage in the 1990s, Monthly
Labor Review, 1999
New Zealand passed a paid parental leave law in 2002
Data
compiled by Mothers & More, July 2001
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